2018考研英语语法：承上启下关系

一代词的承上启下

　　(一)常见代词：he/ she/ they/ it/ him/ her/ them/ his/ hers/ their/ one等

　　(二)识别标准：判断指代词的单复数、位置以及词性。

　　(三)举例子：

　　E.g. Tom is a good student. He would like to play football.(he主语、单数、名词，往前找，我们不难发现he= Tom。学生因为作补语，所以Tom 更加准确。)

　　E.g. Tom does not like cars, because they pollute the air. (they主语，复数，名词，往前找，Tom因为是单数，所以不符合还原要求，所以最终cars= they，符合句子逻辑要求。)

　　E.g. . ④That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. [题目中的the one= the difference]

　　二名词的承上启下

　　(一)常见形式：the/ such/ this/ that/ these/ those+n

　　(二)举例子：

　　E.g. Tom is a good student. The student would like to play football. (the +n往往表示第二次提到，所以该学生其实就是前面提到的a good student= Tom.)

　　E.g.

　　They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)―lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10∶30 a. m. [题目中的them= the sleepers= their= they]

　　[备注：held，原形hold，在此表示“预留”的意思。所以tickets held for the sleepers= thickets which were held for the sleepers为守夜排队者预留的票]

　　[注意：the+重复关键词/同词根不同形式的单词/同义词/上义词/词义更为广泛的或笼统的上义词]

　　三关联词的承上启下

　　(一)常见形式：also/ furthermore/ but/ however/ therefore/ then等词+上述两种形式一种。

　　(二)举例子：Everybody thinks Tom is stupid. Nobody thinks she is clever either.

　　四句法

　　(一)常见形式：即采用前置、省略、重复、被动语态，甚至排比等手段起到承上启下的纽带作用。有时为使句子与上文衔接把通常位于句中或句后的宾语、补语前置。

　　(二)举例子：

　　Mr. White fried two small pieces of fish. One of these he fed to his cat, the other he ate himself.

　　We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.